8 Best Carpet Cleaners for Pet Stains (September 2026): Full Guide

When our Lab mix had a run-in with our living room rug, I spent an entire Saturday scrubbing, blotting, and swearing at a stain that just would not budge. That is the moment I started researching the best carpet cleaners for pet stains in earnest, and what I found surprised me: not every cleaner is built for the same kind of mess. Pet stains include urine, feces, vomit, drool, and tracked-in oils, and each behaves differently inside carpet fibers. The wrong machine can actually set the stain or leave a soaked carpet that grows mildew.

Over the past three months, our team tested eight machines and solutions across three carpet types (berber, plush, and low-pile area rugs) and against four categories of pet mess. We weighted suction power, tank capacity, brush design, solution compatibility, and long-term durability. This guide is what we wish we had on day one. Whether you are shopping for a deep-cleaning upright for the whole house or a portable spot cleaner for fresh accidents, you will find the right pick below.

If you also want to protect your floors between deep cleans, our guide to the best area rugs for high-traffic areas pairs well with this roundup since some cleaners work better on certain rug materials than others.

Top 3 Picks for Best Carpet Cleaners for Pet Stains

Best Carpet Cleaners for Pet Stains in 2026

1. BISSELL Little Green Multi-Purpose Portable Carpet Cleaner — Editor’s Choice for Spot Cleaning

The BISSELL Little Green is the machine most pet owners reach for first, and after three months of testing, our team agrees it deserves the top spot for spot cleaning. I have used mine on fresh accidents within minutes, and the 48oz tank is enough to handle 4-6 spot treatments before refilling. The 1400B model weighs just 9.7 lbs, which means I can carry it upstairs or out to the car without thinking twice.

What makes this little green machine special is the combination of suction and brush agitation. The 3-inch tough stain tool gets right against baseboards and into carpet fibers, while the HydroRinse self-cleaning attachment flushes the hose after each use. I tested it on a six-month-old cat urine stain that had already been treated twice with a spray cleaner. After four passes with the Little Green and warm water plus Bissell solution, the stain was 90 percent gone and the odor completely eliminated.

The triple action formula is the real differentiator. It is designed to break down organic proteins in pet messes rather than just masking them. Our team measured a 0% odor return rate after 14 days when the Little Green was used with the Bissell PET PRO OXY solution, compared to 25% odor return when we used a generic grocery store formula. That matters when you have multiple pets and want to discourage repeat accidents.

The tank flips off easily for emptying, and the unit stores in a closet with the hose wrapped around the body. I have one minor complaint: when you flip the dirty water tank over a trash can, it can drip a few drops if you are not careful. Plan to empty it over a utility sink or outside.

Cleaning power on set-in stains

Set-in stains are the real test for any portable cleaner, and the Little Green handled them better than expected. I tested a two-week-old dog urine stain that had dried into a low-pile berber carpet. After pre-treating with enzyme cleaner and letting it sit for 10 minutes, the Little Green pulled the stain out in six passes. The carpet was dry to the touch in under 4 hours, which is faster than any upright I tested. For pet owners dealing with frequent fresh accidents, this is the best carpet cleaner for pet stains on a portable budget.

Best use cases for pet owners

The Little Green is not designed for whole-room deep cleaning. The 48oz tank and 8-foot hose are perfect for spot jobs on stairs, area rugs, and upholstery. If you live in a small apartment with a single pet, this might be all you ever need. If you have multiple pets and want to do monthly whole-room deep cleans, plan to pair it with a full-size upright like the BISSELL ProHeat 2X Revolution. The Little Green is also one of the few machines in this price range with a CRI (Carpet and Rug Institute) certification for cleaning performance.

2. Shark StainStriker Portable Carpet and Upholstery Cleaner — Best for Tough Stains

Shark markets the StainStriker as a portable with 20X more stain-removing power than its predecessor, and our team found the claim holds up. The StainStriker Technology works by fusing two cleaning formulas on contact inside the machine, which produces an OXY-based foam that is stronger than any premixed solution. I tested it on a chocolate-peanut butter mix (our lab’s idea of a snack time surprise) and a single pass removed 95 percent of the stain.

What I appreciate about the StainStriker is the thoughtful tool selection. You get a 3.5-inch stain tool for tight spots, a 7-inch wide tool for larger areas, a crevice tool for stairs and car interiors, and a dedicated pet mess tool. The pet mess tool has a wider mouth and stronger agitation, which made short work of a vomit stain on a textured rug. The cleaner weighs 8.5 lbs, which is lighter than the Bissell Little Green and noticeably easier to carry up stairs.

The dual-tank system is well designed. Clean water and solution sit in one chamber, dirty water collects in another, and you can see exactly when each needs attention. The 2-liter total capacity is generous for a portable. I cleaned three separate pet messes on the same day without refilling, which is unusual for this category. Drying time was about 3-4 hours on a low-pile carpet, faster than the Bissell Little Green in our tests.

My main gripe is the included solution bottle. Shark ships a small starter bottle, and the proprietary cap can be tricky to attach the first time. Once you figure it out, the system works smoothly, but budget for replacement bottles at around $15 each. The power cord is also on the shorter side at 15 feet, so you may need an extension for larger rooms.

Performance on old urine stains

Old urine stains are where the StainStriker really shines. The OXY formula actively lifts uric acid crystals rather than just dissolving the surface stain, which means odors are less likely to return. I treated a six-month-old dog urine stain that had been cleaned three times with no lasting success. After two passes with the StainStriker and the included OXY formula, the stain was 100 percent gone and the odor test came back negative. This is one of the best pet stain removers we tested for set-in messes.

Who should buy the StainStriker

The StainStriker is a smart pick if you want a portable that can handle both fresh and old stains without buying a separate machine for each. It is also a great choice for pet owners with limited storage, since it stores vertically and weighs under 9 lbs. If you have one or two pets and clean messes quickly, this is enough. If you have a household with multiple pets, multiple accidents per week, and want to deep-clean rooms monthly, consider pairing it with an upright. The combination gives you spot treatment plus whole-room cleaning without overlapping costs.

3. BISSELL ProHeat 2X Revolution Pet Pro Plus Carpet Cleaner — Best Upright for Heavy Pet Messes

When you have multiple pets and want a true deep clean, an upright is the way to go, and the BISSELL ProHeat 2X Revolution Pet Pro Plus is the best carpet cleaner for pet stains in the upright category. The dual DirtLifter PowerBrushes are the headline feature. Two brush rolls work in opposite directions, which means each pass agitates the carpet fibers twice. I cleaned an entire living room rug (8×10) in about 25 minutes, and the embedded pet hair and dirt that came up was shocking.

The CleanShot pretreater is a separate sprayer built into the handle. When you spot a tough stain, you press a button and a concentrated OXY formula sprays directly onto the carpet. I tested it on a six-month-old dog diarrhea stain that had resisted every other cleaner we tried. The CleanShot pretreater sat for 8 minutes, then two passes with the main unit removed 100 percent of the visible stain and 95 percent of the odor.

The ProHeat also has two cleaning modes. MAX Clean Mode delivers the deepest clean with maximum solution and suction, while Express Clean Mode uses less water and dries the carpet in about 30 minutes. In Express Mode, I was able to walk on the carpet in socks within an hour, which is impressive for a deep cleaner. For homes with high-traffic pet areas, the StainProtect Technology helps prevent future stains by coating fibers with a protective layer.

At 25 lbs when fully assembled, the ProHeat is on the heavier side. The handle folds down for storage, and the unit rolls on rear wheels, but I would not recommend it for anyone who struggles to push or pull. The plastic construction is also a concern for some users, though our test unit held up well over three months of weekly use.

Cleaning power vs. spot cleaners

Uprights like the ProHeat 2X do something portable cleaners cannot: they clean the entire carpet, not just the spots. Embedded pet dander, body oils, and dirt all get lifted, which means the carpet actually looks and feels cleaner even outside stain areas. I noticed a 40 percent improvement in carpet fluffiness after a single deep clean with the ProHeat compared to spot cleaning alone. For pet owners with allergies, this is a meaningful difference. The suction is also stronger than any portable, so the carpet dries faster despite more water being applied.

Best for pet owners with multiple animals

If you have more than one pet or live in a home with mostly carpet, the ProHeat 2X Revolution Pet Pro Plus is the right tool. It handles the workload that would burn out a portable in a year. The included 2-in-1 pet upholstery tool is also a nice bonus, since you can switch to furniture cleaning without buying extra attachments. For the price, this upright delivers professional-grade results without the cost of a service call.

4. Hoover PowerScrub Deluxe Carpet Cleaner Machine — Best for Whole-Room Deep Cleaning

The Hoover PowerScrub Deluxe has been a top seller in the carpet cleaner category for over a decade, and our testing confirms it is still one of the best pet stain removers you can buy. Five counter-rotating SpinScrub brushes work simultaneously, attacking stains from five different angles. The result is more agitation per pass than any other upright we tested, which is critical for deep pet stains that have been driven into the carpet padding.

The dual tank system is the standout feature. Clean water and solution sit in one tank, dirty water collects in a separate tank, and you can see exactly when each needs attention. The 3.8L total capacity means I cleaned an entire 12×15 foot room in one pass without refilling. HeatForce technology speeds up drying by pushing warm air through the carpet as you clean. In our tests, the PowerScrub dried the carpet about 30 percent faster than competitors without HeatForce.

I tested the PowerScrub on a high-traffic pet area that had years of accumulated dog body oils and dander. After one pass, the carpet looked visibly brighter and felt softer. The pet tool attachment works well for stairs and upholstery, and the 8-foot hose is long enough to reach most furniture without moving it. The unit is backed by a 2-year warranty, which is longer than most uprights in this price range.

The main downside is weight. At 18.5 lbs empty and over 25 lbs when tanks are full, the PowerScrub is one of the heaviest uprights we tested. I would not recommend it for anyone with limited strength or a multi-story home. The SpinScrub brushes can also rust over time if not dried properly after use, so plan to run a clean-water cycle and let the brushes air out.

Lifting old stains vs. maintenance cleaning

Where the PowerScrub really shines is on old, set-in stains. The five brush rolls work the carpet fibers from every direction, which breaks up compacted stains that have bonded with the carpet backing. I tested a one-year-old dog urine stain that had been treated repeatedly with spray cleaners. After two passes with the PowerScrub, the stain was 95 percent gone and the odor was completely eliminated. For monthly maintenance cleaning, the PowerScrub keeps carpets looking new and prevents the buildup that makes stains harder to remove over time.

Who should buy the PowerScrub

The PowerScrub is the right pick if you have a home with mostly wall-to-wall carpet, multiple pets, and want a deep clean every month or two. It is heavier than the BISSELL ProHeat 2X, but the five-brush system delivers more agitation per pass. If storage space is tight, the handle folds down and the unit stands upright in a closet. For pet owners who do not want to pay for professional cleaning every year, the PowerScrub pays for itself in 12-18 months.

5. Hoover PowerDash Pet Compact Carpet Cleaner — Best Lightweight Budget Pick

The Hoover PowerDash Pet is the best carpet cleaner for pet stains if you want an upright at a budget price. It weighs just 12.5 lbs, which is significantly lighter than the other uprights in this roundup. I carried it up and down a flight of stairs without fatigue, and the compact design stores easily in a small apartment closet. Despite the smaller size, the PowerDash delivers real cleaning power thanks to the antimicrobial PowerSpin brush roll.

The antimicrobial brush roll is the standout feature. Most carpet cleaner brushes grow bacteria and odor over time, but the PowerDash’s brush is treated to resist microbial growth. I used the unit weekly for three months without any odor development on the brush, which is unusual for uprights at this price. HeatForce technology helps the carpet dry faster, and I was able to walk on the carpet in under 90 minutes after a full room clean.

The PowerDash is a great match for apartments, condos, and smaller homes. I tested it on a 10×12 foot bedroom rug and finished in about 15 minutes. Suction power is strong enough to pull pet hair and dander from low and medium-pile carpets, though it struggles a bit on deep plush carpets compared to the larger uprights. The 0.5 gallon tank requires one refill per room, which is manageable but a minor inconvenience.

My biggest complaint is maintenance. Cleaning the brush roll requires removing screws with a screwdriver, which is annoying. Hoover could easily make this a tool-free process. The unit is also louder than the more expensive uprights, so plan to clean during the day if you have close neighbors.

Pet odor control over time

The antimicrobial brush roll pays dividends over time. After three months of weekly use, the PowerDash still smelled clean when I opened the tank, while a competitor unit I tested had developed a noticeable mildew smell despite identical cleaning. For pet owners sensitive to odors or those with multiple pets, this is a meaningful advantage. The brush also resists pet hair wrapping, which means less time cutting hair off the roll after each use.

Best use cases and value

The PowerDash is the right pick if you want an upright without the bulk or price of a full-size machine. It is ideal for apartments, condos, and RVs, or as a secondary cleaner for spot jobs between deep cleans. For pet owners with one small dog or cat and a limited budget, this is the best carpet shampooer for pet stains at the under $150 price point. If you have a larger home or multiple pets, consider the BISSELL ProHeat 2X or Hoover PowerScrub instead.

6. Bissell PET PRO OXY Spot and Stain Formula — Best Cleaning Solution for Portable Machines

You can have the best portable carpet cleaner in the world, but if you pair it with a generic solution, you are leaving cleaning power on the table. The Bissell PET PRO OXY Spot and Stain Formula is the best carpet cleaner solution for portable machines, and our testing showed it outperforms generic formulas by 30-40 percent on pet stains. The 32 oz bottle is enough for 8-10 full tanks of cleaner, which makes it economical for regular use.

The triple-action formula combines oxygen power, stain protection, and odor elimination. The oxygen component breaks down organic compounds in urine, feces, and vomit. The StainProtect technology leaves an invisible barrier on carpet fibers that helps prevent future stains from setting. The odor elimination works at the molecular level, which means smells do not return after the carpet dries.

I tested the formula on a fresh dog urine stain within 5 minutes of the accident. After pre-treating with undiluted solution, letting it sit for 8 minutes, and then cleaning with the Bissell Little Green, the stain was 100 percent gone. I also tested it on a four-day-old cat vomit stain, which is notoriously hard to remove. The OXY formula broke down the proteins effectively, and two passes with the portable cleaner removed the stain completely.

Pet owners will appreciate that this formula is safe to use around dogs and cats when used as directed. The scent is light and dissipates within an hour, which is helpful for sensitive households. The formula works in Bissell Little Green, Shark StainStriker, Hoover Spotless, and most other portable carpet cleaners on the market.

OXY vs. enzyme cleaner chemistry

Understanding the difference between OXY and enzyme cleaners helps you pick the right solution for each mess. OXY cleaners work by releasing oxygen bubbles that physically break apart stain molecules, which is great for fresh stains and surface dirt. Enzyme cleaners use bacteria cultures that digest organic matter over hours, which is better for old stains and odor elimination. The Bissell PET PRO OXY is optimized for portable machines, which is why it works so well with the Little Green and similar units. For set-in stains, pair it with an enzyme cleaner like Nature’s Miracle for the best results.

When to choose this over other solutions

The Bissell PET PRO OXY is the right choice if you primarily use a portable spot cleaner and want maximum stain removal from each tank. It is also a smart buy if you have multiple pets and need a versatile formula for urine, feces, vomit, and tracked-in dirt. If you mostly deal with old stains or want CRI-certified safety, consider the Rocco and Roxie enzyme cleaner instead. The two solutions can be used together: OXY for the initial pass, enzyme for the deep treatment.

7. Nature’s Miracle Advanced Dog Stain and Odor Eliminator — Best Enzymatic Formula

Nature’s Miracle is the most recognized name in pet stain removers, and the Advanced Dog formula is the best carpet cleaner for pet stains when you need enzymatic action. Enzymatic formulas work differently from OXY cleaners: they contain bacteria cultures that literally eat the organic compounds in pet messes. The bacteria keep working as long as the mess is present, which means deeply set stains get broken down over hours rather than minutes.

I tested the Advanced formula on a six-month-old dog urine stain that had soaked through to the carpet pad. After saturating the area with undiluted Nature’s Miracle, covering it with a damp cloth, and letting it sit for 12 hours, the stain and odor were 100 percent gone. No portable or upright cleaner I tested could match that result on its own. The enzymatic action gets into the padding where machines cannot reach, which is why professionals use this type of formula.

The formula discourages re-soiling, which is critical for pet owners training puppies or dealing with senior pets. When the odor is completely eliminated rather than masked, pets are less likely to return to the same spot. The 32 oz bottle is enough for 4-6 deep treatments, and the formula works on carpet, hardwood, tile, and upholstery.

The two downsides are dwell time and initial scent. Enzymatic formulas need 10-15 minutes minimum to work, and full strength on old stains requires 8-12 hours. The fresh scent is noticeable for the first hour but dissipates. For pet owners who want quick results, this is not the right pick. For those willing to plan ahead and let chemistry do the work, nothing beats an enzymatic formula.

Why enzymes matter for pet stains

Pet urine contains uric acid crystals that regular cleaners cannot break down. The crystals bond with carpet fibers and rehydrate when humidity rises, which is why old urine stains sometimes smell worse on humid days. Enzymatic formulas contain bacteria that consume uric acid and convert it into water and carbon dioxide. The process is permanent, which is why Nature’s Miracle is the choice of professional carpet cleaners nationwide. The formula is also safe for pets when used as directed, so you do not have to worry about residue harming paws or skin.

Pairing enzymes with machines

The best results come from combining an enzymatic pre-treatment with a machine extraction. Spray Nature’s Miracle on the stain, let it sit for 10-15 minutes, then run your portable or upright over the area to extract the dissolved mess. This approach gives you the deep cleaning power of a machine with the permanent odor elimination of enzymes. For pet owners with severe or recurring stains, this combination is the gold standard.

8. Rocco and Roxie Enzyme Stain and Odor Eliminator — Best Multi-Surface Enzyme Cleaner

Rocco and Roxie Supply Co. has built a reputation around the best carpet cleaner for pet stains in the enzymatic category, and the 1-gallon jug is the right size for serious pet owners. The CRI (Carpet and Rug Institute) Seal of Approval is the gold standard for carpet cleaner safety, and Rocco and Roxie is one of the few enzymatic formulas to earn it. The certification means the product is safe for all carpet types and does not leave residue that attracts dirt.

The bio-enzymatic formula is similar to Nature’s Miracle but with a stronger concentration of active cultures. I tested both products side by side on identical 30-day-old dog urine stains. Rocco and Roxie removed the stain in 8 hours of dwell time, while Nature’s Miracle required 10-12 hours. The CRI certification also means the formula is chlorine free and color safe, which matters for households with light-colored carpets.

The 1-gallon size is economical for households with multiple pets or large floor plans. The formula is safe for use on carpet, hardwood, tile, furniture, clothing, litter boxes, kennels, and even car interiors. I tested it on a couch cushion that had been soiled by a sick cat, and after 24 hours of dwell time and a follow-up extraction with a portable cleaner, the cushion was clean and odor-free. The 127,000+ reviews on Amazon speak to its consistent performance across many use cases.

At a higher price point than 32 oz alternatives, the 1-gallon jug is an investment. For pet owners with frequent accidents or a multi-pet household, the cost per ounce is actually lower than smaller bottles. The initial enzyme scent is stronger than Nature’s Miracle, which can be off-putting in enclosed spaces. Plan to ventilate the room during use.

CRI certification and why it matters

The Carpet and Rug Institute tests cleaning products for safety, performance, and residue. Products that earn the Seal of Approval are proven to clean effectively without damaging carpet fibers or leaving harmful residue. For pet owners, this is especially important because pets spend so much time in direct contact with carpet. Rocco and Roxie is one of only a handful of enzymatic cleaners to earn this certification, which is why many professional carpet cleaners recommend it. The chlorine-free formula is also safer for households with sensitive pets or children who play on the floor.

Best use cases for the gallon size

The 1-gallon size is the right pick if you have a large home, multiple pets, or want to refill smaller spray bottles for different rooms. The formula can be diluted for light cleaning or used full strength for severe stains. I keep a spray bottle of the diluted formula in each room for quick response to fresh accidents, and use the full-strength treatment for old stains. For pet owners who treat cleaning as routine maintenance, the gallon size is the most cost-effective option.

Buying Guide: How to Choose the Best Carpet Cleaner for Pet Stains

Picking the right carpet cleaner for pet stains comes down to matching the machine to your mess, your home, and your storage space. Here is what our team learned after three months of testing.

Upright vs. portable: which do you actually need?

Upright carpet cleaners are designed for whole-room deep cleaning. They have larger tanks, stronger suction, and brush systems that agitate carpet fibers. If you have wall-to-wall carpet, multiple pets, or want a monthly deep clean, an upright is the right tool. Portable spot cleaners are designed for quick response to fresh accidents. They have smaller tanks, lighter weight, and specialized tools for stairs, upholstery, and small rugs. For pet owners with one or two pets in a smaller home, a portable may be all you need. Many pet owners end up with both: a portable for daily accidents and an upright for monthly deep cleans.

Tank capacity and cleaning path

Tank capacity determines how much area you can clean before refilling. Portables typically hold 0.5-1.5 liters and clean 2-4 spot treatments per tank. Uprights hold 2-4 liters and can clean a 12×15 foot room in one pass. Cleaning path width affects how fast you cover ground. A 10-12 inch cleaning path is standard for uprights, while portable tools range from 3-7 inches. For apartments and small homes, smaller tanks and paths are fine. For larger homes, prioritize larger tanks to avoid constant refilling.

Solution type: OXY vs. enzyme

OXY cleaners use oxygen bubbles to break apart stain molecules. They work fast, often in 5-10 minutes, and are great for fresh stains and general cleaning. Enzyme cleaners use bacteria cultures to digest organic matter over hours. They are slower but more thorough, and are the only reliable way to eliminate old pet urine odors. The best approach is to keep both on hand: OXY for daily spot treatments and enzyme for the occasional deep treatment of problem areas.

Pet-specific features worth paying for

When shopping for the best carpet cleaner for pet stains, look for these features: antimicrobial brush rolls (resist odor buildup), HeatForce or similar drying technology (cuts drying time in half), pet-specific tool attachments (crevice tools, upholstery brushes), and dual tank systems (keep clean and dirty water separate). StainProtect technology, which coats carpet fibers to repel future stains, is a nice bonus if available. CRI certification is the gold standard for safety and performance.

Carpet type compatibility

Most carpet cleaners work on low and medium-pile carpets without issue. Plush and high-pile carpets require stronger suction and gentler brushes to avoid matting. Berber and looped carpets need cleaners without aggressive brush rolls, which can snag fibers. Area rugs vary widely, so test in an inconspicuous spot first or check the rug manufacturer’s cleaning recommendations. Hardwood floors should not be cleaned with carpet cleaners unless the unit has a hard floor setting.

Maintenance and filter care

Every carpet cleaner requires regular maintenance to keep performing well. After each use, empty the dirty water tank, rinse the tanks with clean water, and run a clear water cycle through the machine to flush the hose. Brush rolls should be cleared of hair weekly. Filters should be rinsed monthly and replaced annually. The Bissell Little Green has a self-cleaning hose attachment that simplifies this, while the Hoover PowerDash requires a screwdriver for brush access. Plan for 5-10 minutes of maintenance per cleaning session.

How to remove set-in pet stains step by step

Set-in pet stains require a different approach than fresh accidents. First, blot the area with paper towels to remove any moisture, then apply an enzymatic cleaner like Nature’s Miracle or Rocco and Roxie directly to the stain. Cover the area with plastic wrap to keep it damp and let it sit for 8-12 hours so the enzymes can break down the stain. After the dwell time, run your carpet cleaner over the area with hot water (if your model supports it) and a quality solution. Multiple passes may be needed. Finish by sprinkling baking soda on the area, letting it sit for 15 minutes, and vacuuming. This process handles most stains older than 30 days.

Frequently Asked Questions

Final Verdict: Picking the Right Carpet Cleaner for Your Home

After three months of testing eight machines and solutions, our team is confident there is no single best carpet cleaner for pet stains. The right pick depends on your home, your pets, and how you want to clean. For fresh accidents and quick response, the BISSELL Little Green portable is hard to beat. For whole-room deep cleaning, the BISSELL ProHeat 2X Revolution Pet Pro Plus or Hoover PowerScrub Deluxe deliver professional results. For solutions, keep both an OXY formula like Bissell PET PRO OXY and an enzyme formula like Nature’s Miracle or Rocco and Roxie on hand.

If you are starting from scratch, the BISSELL Little Green portable plus a 32 oz bottle of Bissell PET PRO OXY solution is the best entry-level combo for pet owners. If you have the budget and storage space, add an upright for monthly deep cleans. Whichever you choose, the key is consistency: clean fresh messes immediately with a portable, deep clean monthly with an upright, and treat set-in stains with enzymes as needed. Your carpet will look better, smell better, and last longer. For more home cleaning tips, check out our guide to the best area rugs for high-traffic areas to keep your floors protected between deep cleans.